Introduction: This study focuses on investigating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) at Shaikh-UI-Hind Maulana Mahmood Hasan Medical College in Saharanpur, India. With an emphasis on the intricate dynamics of COPD pathophysiology, the research aims to shed light on specific inflammatory pathways and advocate for tailored therapeutic interventions. Materials and methods: The research enrolled 1,954 participants suspected of COPD, utilizing pulmonary function tests (PFTs) to categorize 165 cases into stages (COPD I, II, III, and IV) alongside a healthy control group. Comprehensive data, including demographic details, smoking history, occupational and environmental exposures, prior asthma occurrences, infections (including tuberculosis), socioeconomic status, and body mass index (BMI), was collected. Various analyses, including analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post hoc test, were applied to scrutinize the data. Results: The findings indicate a significant decrease in mean forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1%) predicted and FEV1/forced vital capacity (FVC) in COPD cases vs controls. Moreover, elevated serum levels of interleukins (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and leptin were observed in COPD cases, with variations across stages. Notably, COPD IV displayed the highest levels for IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and leptin, with TNF-α exhibiting a distinctive pattern. Demographic and lung function differences align with existing COPD literature, indicating the systemic inflammatory nature of COPD. Conclusion: The study concludes by emphasizing the complexity of inflammatory dynamics in COPD and advocating for a comprehensive approach. Unique TNF-α patterns warrant deeper investigation into their role in COPD subtypes. This detailed analysis of pulmonary biomarkers in COPD provides insights into their role in disease progression and suggests potential avenues for personalized therapeutic strategies targeting specific inflammatory pathways.