Indian Journal of Respiratory Care

IJRC Email      Register      Login

VOLUME 11 , ISSUE 4 ( October-December, 2022 ) > List of Articles

Original Article

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and its Correlation with Body Mass Index, Airflow Obstruction, Dyspnea, and Exercise Index and C-Reactive Protein

D. Suresh Kumar, Richard Samuel, Viola Savy DSouza, Madhu Keshava Bangera

Keywords : Body mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and Exercise index, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, C-reactive protein, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease grade, metabolic syndrome

Citation Information : Kumar DS, Samuel R, DSouza VS, Bangera MK. Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and its Correlation with Body Mass Index, Airflow Obstruction, Dyspnea, and Exercise Index and C-Reactive Protein. Indian J Respir Care 2022; 11 (4):314-320.

DOI: 10.4103/ijrc.ijrc_44_22

License: CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

Published Online: 01-12-2022

Copyright Statement:  Copyright © 2022; Indian Journal of Respiratory Care.


Abstract

Context: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a widespread reason of disease and death in developing countries like India, although it is preventable, controllable, and treatable. Objectives: We studied the occurrence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) among cases of stable COPD and determined the correlation between stable COPD with MetS and body mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise (BODE index) and C-reactive protein (CRP) titer. Methods: The study was a case-control analysis conducted on 90 patients from November 2019 to August 2020. Results: Seventy percentage of our case population belonged to Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) Grade 1 and 2. A significant correlation between forced expiratory volume 1 s (FEV1) with body mass index (BMI), triglycerides (TGs), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and fasting blood sugar (FBS) was found. The higher the GOLD grade (lower FEV1), the higher the values of BMI, TG, HDL, SBP, and FBS. A negative association with MetS is related to small study population. Conclusion: Patients with MetS had significantly lower FEV1, higher mean SI, higher mean waist circumference, higher mean BMI, higher mean SBP and diastolic blood pressure, higher FBS, and higher HDL and TG. Patients with MetS showed higher BODE index and CRP titer compared to ones without it. Apart from routine vaccination, assessment of systemic comorbidities for early detection of MetS plays a pivotal role to provide best possible quality of life and utmost care to COPD patients and helps reduce mortality and morbidities of COPD.


HTML PDF Share
  1. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; 2020. Available from: http://www.goldcopd.org/. [Last assessed on 2020 Dec 01].
  2. India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative CRD Collaborators. The burden of chronic respiratory diseases and their heterogeneity across the states of India: The Global Burden of Disease Study 1990-2016. Lancet Glob Health 2018;6:e1363-74.
  3. Fahed G, Aoun L, Bou Zerdan M, Allam S, Bou Zerdan M, Bouferraa Y, et al. Metabolic syndrome: Updates on pathophysiology and management in 2021. Int J Mol Sci 2022;23:786.
  4. Acharyya A, Shahjahan MD, Mesbah FB, Dey SK, Ali L. Association of metabolic syndrome with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in an Indian population. Lung India 2016;33:385-90.
  5. Khan Y, Lalchandani A, Gupta AC, Khadanga S, Kumar S. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome crossing 40% in Northern India: Time to act fast before it runs out of proportions. J Family Med Prim Care 2018;7:118-23.
  6. Koul PA. Metabolic syndrome and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lung India 2016;33:359-61.
  7. Jindal SK, Aggarwal AN, Chaudhry K, Chhabra SK, D'Souza GA, Gupta D, et al. A multicentric study on epidemiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its relationship with tobacco smoking and environmental tobacco smoke exposure. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci 2006;48:23-9.
  8. Petty TL. The history of COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2006;1:3-14.
  9. Moayyedkazemi A, Rahimirad MH. Evaluating serum C-reactive protein level in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its correlation with disease severity. Biomed Res Ther 2018;5:2784-8.
  10. Lam KB, Jordan RE, Jiang CQ, Thomas GN, Miller MR, Zhang WS, et al. Airflow obstruction and metabolic syndrome: The Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study. Eur Respir J 2010;35:317-23.
  11. Cote CG, Celli BR. Pulmonary rehabilitation and the BODE index in COPD. Eur Res J 2005;26:630-6.
  12. Celli BR, Cote CG, Marin JM, Casanova C, Montes de Oca M, Mendez RA, et al. The body-mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise capacity index in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2004;350:1005-12.
  13. ATS Committee on Proficiency Standards for Clinical Pulmonary Function Laboratories. ATS statement: Guidelines for the six-minute walk test. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;166:111-7.
  14. Díez-Manglano J, Barquero-Romero J, Almagro P, Cabrera FJ, López García F, Montero L, et al. COPD patients with and without metabolic syndrome: Clinical and functional differences. Intern Emerg Med 2014;9:419-25.
  15. Reaven GM. Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 1988;37:1595-607.
  16. Jain KB, Pasari N, Songra A, Bajpai A. The lipid profile parameter in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients and correlation with severity of disease. J Cardiothorac Med 2017;5:564-8.
  17. Rao MV, Raghu SR, Kiran SP, Rao CH. A study of lipid profile in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Evol Med Dent Sci 2015;4:7287-96.
  18. Foumani AA, Neyaragh MM, Ranjbar ZA, Leyli EK, Ildari S, Jafari A. Waist circumference and spirometric measurements in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2019;10:240-5.
  19. Ghatas T. The relationship between metabolic syndrome and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Egypt J Bronchol 2017;11:11-5.
  20. Mahishale V, Angadi N, Metgudmath V, Eti A, Lolly M, Khan S. Prevalence and impact of diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases: A hospital-based cross-section study. J Transl Int Med 2015;3:155-60.
  21. Dharwadkar AR, Dharwadkar AA, Banu G, Bagali S. Reduction in lung functions in type-2 diabetes in Indian population: Correlation with glycemic status. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2011;55:170-5.
  22. Popovic-Grle S, Ladic A, Butorac-Petanjek B, Spicek-Macan J, Cucevic B. Waist circumference does not correlate with functional lung capacity in moderate and severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Acta Clin Croat 2013;52:69-77.
  23. Ameen NM, El Deen Mohamed RS, Abd El Mageed NI, Abd EL Wahab MH. The metabolic syndrome in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Egypt J Chest Dis Tuberc 2016;65:593-6.
  24. Logvinenko N, Malyutina S, Denisova D, Voevoda M. Associations of CVD risk factors and airflow obstruction in urban Siberian population: Natalya Kovalkova. Eur J Public Health 2014;24:162-074.
  25. Yasar Z, Buyuksirin M, Ucsular FD, Kargi A, Erdem F, Talay F, et al. Is an elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio a predictor of metabolic syndrome in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2015;19:956-62.
  26. Patel B, Taviad D, Malapati B, Gokani R, Shaikh N, Shah R. Association of hs-crp levels with obesity & metabolic syndrome in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus: A link between inflammation, adiposity & insulin resistance. Int J Biol Med Res 2015;6:5104-8.
PDF Share
PDF Share

© Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) LTD.